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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are treated with medication. It can help alleviate symptoms, but can also cause adverse effects. Consult your physician when you experience any side effects. Stimulants are the most common kind of prescription medication that healthcare providers prescribe for ADHD. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters, that regulate the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in children and adults. It works by enhancing the activity in brain areas that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other conditions like narcolepsy. It can aid people suffering from the condition to stay alert and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. If you take this medication as prescribed will reduce the risk for abuse as well as other adverse effects. Methylphenidate may trigger psychotic symptoms for some people. It can also cause worse behavior and tics for some patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Patients with these conditions should consult their doctor prior to taking this medication. Inform your doctor if you are any other health problems or if you have an allergy to any food or dyes. (For example, tartrazine is a yellow dye that is present in processed foods and some medications. If you're on Adhansia, XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain medications, such as opioid medicines antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as isocarboxazid (Marplan) Linezolid (Zyvox) Methylene blue, the phenelzine (Nardil) and rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). It's also important to stay clear of alcohol and other stimulant substances when taking methylphenidate. These drugs may affect your heart rate and blood pressure. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablets (Ritalin) and the long-acting chewable tablet and long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain Phenylalanine, which is risky if you have a genetic disorder known as phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion, a medication that treats depression, works in the brain and improves mood. It also helps reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD), which occurs during the winter and fall seasons. It can also help smokers quit by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal effects. Bupropion has been proven to reduce ADHD symptoms in adults in numerous studies. The pooled fixed effect RR for week-6 improvements (using an increase in clinical significance of 30% or more on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equals 52 percent of the bupropion group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion may have dangerous and even life-threatening interactions when used in conjunction in conjunction with other medications. These include antidepressants and sedatives along with blood pressure medications. It can also increase the risk of seizures for those with a history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is not recommended for certain medical conditions, and women who are pregnant or nursing should not take it. Bupropion is available in the form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs are a type of drugs that function by affecting brain chemicals. They were one of the first antidepressants that were created, and even though they are no longer considered a first-line treatment for depression, they can still be effective in some people with other disorders. They inhibit the reuptake process of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline, increasing their levels in neurons. They also aid in reducing the symptoms of other ailments, such as enuresis and pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia and the phantom leg syndrome. TCAs are effective in treating ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed on their own or in combination with stimulants. They can help improve the core ADHD symptoms and decrease depression, anxiety and impulsiveness. In addition, they could help manage the tics, which are repetitive and uncontrollable sounds or movements like clearing the throat or blinking. TCAs can trigger adverse effects, such as sedation and dry mouth, and may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. These drugs can interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics, and should be avoided in pregnant women. They are also known to be teratogenic in animals and may cross the placenta. Speak to your doctor if you are concerned. There are antidepressants that are more recent with a lower risk of side effects. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). The SSRIs are antidepressants. They consist of a class of drugs that block serotonin reuptake within neurons and aid in increasing the amount of serotonin that is available to signal. They also reduce anxiety and decrease impulsive behavior. They are utilized as an adhd medication because they improve symptoms in some people and can be helpful along with other medications. Examples of SSRIs are paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the human body. However they are extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes in the liver. This leads to varying blood levels. These medications are also prescribed to treat various conditions, such as major depression disorder, bulimia nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram and sertraline can help reduce PTSD core symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs may cause a very rare side effect known as sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these medications, it is important to talk with your doctor. It is common for people to have to try several different types of ADHD medication before they can find the one that is most effective for them. The development and research of new medication is ongoing. It is important to tell your healthcare provider about all medications you take. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). When stimulant drugs don't work for adults with ADHD Doctors often prescribe an antidepressant, also known as a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These drugs increase the levels of two brain chemicals called serotonin and norepinephrine. They also improve mood and reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs can cause similar side effects to TCAs however, they are more secure. They are prescribed for a variety of conditions including anxiety disorders, chronic pain like fibromyalgia, and nerve pain. They are also sometimes used as an add-on treatment for depression. SNRIs are duloxetine, (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine, (Effexor). These drugs block the reabsorption of norepinephrine in the brain, which is a normal procedure following neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal the phasic release of norepinephrine. The increased levels of norepinephrine help increase concentration and mood. SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD However, some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are typically taken orally in the form of pills, but they can be taken as liquids or patches. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI called viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. It is not a controlled medication since it doesn't have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants which affect the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. They are used for anxiety and depression, but can also help control ADHD symptoms. SNRI medications such as venlafaxine or duloxetine have been shown in several studies to significantly reduce scores on a variety of ADHD tests. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure, and can interact with certain drugs. Therefore, it's important to consult with a physician prior to taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly handled medication could cause harm to people and animals. It is therefore important to follow the correct disposal instructions. SSRIs or SNRIs are not been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD however, doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective, and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor regarding your child's symptoms and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these drugs. SNRIs may not be appropriate for everyone. For instance pregnant women or nursing should not take SNRIs, because they can be passed into breast milk. People with high blood pressure or liver problems should not take them, either, as they may increase their risks of developing cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people who suffer from ADHD take medication to increase their concentration and focus. Some might also notice a decrease in their impulsive behavior. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and skills training to help people learn how to manage their symptoms. Finding the appropriate medication for each individual requires time. In this period, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to find a balance between side effects and benefits. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate can increase the activity of a certain brain chemicals that control memory and concentration. While they are generally effective and safe for the majority of people, they can cause serious side effects like diminished appetite and sleep problems. These side effects usually subside within a few days, as your body gets used to the medication. Non-stimulant drugs are also available for children and adults. They can take longer to work but they can enhance the ability to control impulses and concentration. They include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine), as well as the guanfacine. see it here are also effective for treating ADHD. They can boost norepinephrine levels which is a neurotransmitter within the brain that aids in impulsive behaviors and depression. Bupropion is an example an antidepressant that has been used for ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label”, but drugmakers came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved the use of it as treatment.